The sensory circumventricular organs (sCVOs), including the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, subfornical organ, and area postrema, are shown to have neural stem cells (NSCs), but the characterization and function significance of NSCs in these regions are completely unknown. In the present study, we revealed in the sCVOs of adult mice that NSCs expressed Nestin, GFAP, Sox2 and S100β and were slowly dividing. On the other hand, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) expressed Olig2 and/or Math1 and were rapidly divided. The administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor inhibitor AZD2171 significantly inhibited proliferation of NSPCs and NSPCs expressed VEGF receptor-3, indicating that proliferation of NSPCs was regulated by VEGF signaling. Proliferation of NSPCs was largely attenuated by neuroinflammatory stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The neuroinflammatory stimulation also induced proliferation of a majority of microglia which depended on the signaling of VEGF. The microglia inhibitor minocycline largely inhibited proliferation of microglia and alteration of NSPC proliferation by LPS stimulation. In conclusion, the present study reveals that the basal proliferation of NSPCs is regulated with VEGF signaling and moreover neuroinflammatory stimulation inhibits proliferation of NSPCs and vice versa promotes proliferation of microglia in sCVOs of adult mouse.