After brain is injured or diseased, neural function at least partly recovers in a long period

of time or even maintains to achieve goal-directed behaviors. The mechanism of this

recovery or maintenance process is largely unknown, particularly the mechanism how

the large-scale network is reorganized. Recent neuroimaging techniques have revealed

dynamic changes that relate to adaptive and maladaptive behaviors, but details of complex

network as well as its clinical relevance are yet to be clarified. Recently, the large-scale

network has come to be visualized by applying higher-level or biologically meaningful

analysis to a large volume data on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging

(rMRI) and diffusion MRI (dMRI). These imaging/analysis methods are expected to prove

functional and structural network that are more relevant to adaptive behaviors than other

modalities. I will first discuss recent progress of large-scale network and neurite imaging,

based on cutting-edge rMRI and dMRI techniques respectively. I will also introduce some

of my recent data that reveal significance of the dynamic network in functional recovery

from brain injury and other brain diseases. The result obtained thus may help us to

understand therapeutic mechanism and future direction for neuromodulatory devices such

as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS).